2. a more severe disease which is an infection of the kidneys (dropsy) - with the scales sticking out and some coming off the body it does sound like your betta may have this.
Treatment :
for 1. Stop feeding for a day, then feed vegetable flakes use the inside of a cooked pea (acts like a laxative). You could do an Epsom salt bath using 1 Tbsp salt per gal but only put him in there for a maximum of 10 minutes - no longer.
for 2. because it is a bacterial infection, your betta will need antibiotics if this is the condition he has - usually done via medicated food (but not all bettas will eat when they are sick) or sometimes vets will try to inject them with it...this condition is almost always fatal regardless of treatment because it is often picked up too late.