Cycling a tank is when enough good bacteria develops in a tank to change the ammonia made from fish waste and decaying food into Nitrite. The bacteria then turns the nitrite into nitrate. Ammonia is lethal to a fish, as is nitrite. Once it turns to nitrate, it does not harm the fish unless it reaches very high levels. Plants absorb nitrates, so the levels stay low. Partial water changes keep the Nitrate level low. After a tank cycles, IMO...the best way to keep a tanks levels where they need to be is...Every 2 weeks do a partial water change.25-30%. One time I do this, I do a gravel wash, which removes excess food and waste , as well as part of the good bacteria used for cycling. In 2 weeks, I just do a partial water change, but don't wash the gravel. Instead, I change the filter. The filter has good bacteria in it as well. In 2 weeks, I do the gravel wash again. This way, every month..the filter gets changed and the bottom gets washed. By rotating it, the good bacteria keeps up with the cycle. If you do a bottom wash and change the filter at the same time, you lose too much good bacteria. I feel the biggest reason people have a hard time with cycling, is they change the water too much and too soon. Also putting too many fish in the tank too soon. The ammonia builds up too fast for the conversion to change it. By changing the water too soon, you keep removing the good bacteria that is forming. I don't remove any water until I see ammonia present by testing. Then I do a partial water change. Maybe 20%.
Normally, if the tank is large enough and the fish numbers are low, it takes about 3 weeks for it to show up. As the tank ages, the ammonia level rises faster. This is when you change more water, and more often. You can change about 25-30% each time you read ammonia present. The key is testing the water every 2-3 days. The first 3 weeks is pretty easy. It's mostly the last 3 weeks that there is some work. usually by week 5, you change 30% every couple days. By 6 weeks, it is pretty close to cycling. You will notice the water start to cloud a little, which is the final stage of the cycling. You will know when it is cycled, because the ammonia levels stop appearing. I usually do a filter change at this point, but leave the gravel alone. Then in 2 weeks, start the rotation by washing the gravel.