Nitrifying bacteria live on surfaces, not freeswimming, so even 100% water changes aren't too much provided the filter is turned off and water is kept in it to keep the media wet, but they create all sorts of logistical problems like disturbing substrate or decor when refilling and what to do with the fish in the interim, so they're generally not advised.
Ammonia damage mainly strikes the gills, and causes potentially permanent damage. Long term exposure to relatively low levels (like insufficient filtration or unfiltered tank) can be just as bad as short term high level exposure (like poorly managed cycles). Fish that have been badly hurt by ammonia generally don't live their full lifetimes, though once water quality is stabilized they will often recover and be happy and healthy for their lives nonetheless. In extreme cases, particularly prolonged exposure, you'll see ammonia burns, which will be black discoloration or spots (some fish, including discus, show black spots simply as a stress response, though).
By retardation do you mean physically slowing down or mentally impaired? Stress related to ammonia can cause fish to become less active. Short term exposure can cause fish to become more active, as their first natural reaction is to move out of the harmful environment. In an aquarium, there's nowhere to go, and eventually more traditional symptoms from flicking to gasping to listlessness will start to show up. If you mean mental impairment, well, stupidity is normal for many fish. With a few exceptions, most of them are pretty dumb animals. Tiger barbs aren't going to show you any great feats of intellect, so it's hard to say if they're any dumber for ammonia damage. I wouldn't worry about it.
From the readings you've posted, you shouldn't be at the point of ruined gills or ammonia burns, and you should be able to keep the cycle in hand from this point forward, which will greatly boost your tiger barbs' chances. You mentioned in your other thread that the flicking has subsided, that's also a very good sign that water quality is looking up from the water changes. Keep water changes up and water stats down until you get reliable 0/0 readings for ammonia and nitrite and I don't think you'll have caused your fish serious lasting harm, particularly comparing to many other beginner experiences.