Hi Jay, yes you can use a sponge only, I have one like that, it has a plastic tube pushed into the middle with holes drilled further down and an airline pushed down into it, they work just as you say, I found my design online if you type diy sponge filter into the search bar you may find it
Its a great guide though there is a bit of a misconception.
The filter is actually a box filter. Its a common mistake to confuse a box and a sponge filter.
Basically a box filter uses an enclosed thing (in this case the food container) and draws air through the media (in this case the soil/gravel and the sponge)
A sponge filter flows water through it and colonizes beneficial bacteria.