ok, I will try to help as much as I can.
the numbers t5, t8 and t12 refer to the long fluorescent tubes which you can get. the number just refers to the diameter of the tube - t12 is usually what you find in buildings for ceiling lighting, t8 is the standard (1inch?) tube that has been used in fishkeeping for years, t5 is a bit thinner.
the relevance for us with t5's is that they produce more light per inch of length, so for example a 4ft t5 is 54w, while a 4ft t8 is 36w (i think, but you get the idea).
the smaller profile also means less light is directed into the tube, especially when using reflectors.
I'm not really familiar with globe type fluorescent tubes so someone else can help there, but they probably have the wattage written on them somewhere.
Also important is the colour temperature of the lights, measured in degrees kelvin.
reflectors generally increase the effective wattage by up to 180%.
there is not a marine reflector as such, but I guess you would have to check that your reflector is not going to be affected by the salt water and leach.
I'm not sure what you mean by the reflectors being 240w each, a reflector itself has no wattage, it is the bulb or tube.
You may be referring to a wattage rating for the ballast/starter unit.