I run airstones 24/7 in all four of my tanks. Two of the tanks have powerheads as well as lots of filtration. As I understand it (and I'm not expert), increasing flow and surface agitation can help with oxygenation and prevent pockets of bad stuff building up by keeping water moving throughout the tank, even in the awkward corners. Quite frankly, there's a lot of complicated science around oxygenating fish tanks, which I found baffling. But the verdict amongst people breeding Hypancistrus species of pleco, which demand highly oxygenated water, seemed be either run a powerful HOB filter, an HMF filter, and/or powerheads.
Obviously not all fish can cope with powerheads, but tetras should be okay.
I have read that sand should not be deeper than 2". I think that's the rough number. If it's too deep, anaerobic pockets can form under the substrate.
I'll definitely look into buying a powerhead, wouldn't hurt to have some extra flow. Thank you for the advice.
The sand is no more than 2" deep but I think has still developed some anaerobic pockets. Not sure what to do about them