You merely rinse the filters in old tank water during a water change, but that isn't necessary for several months. And you never replace your media, UNLESS it's falling apart. And then you only replace no more than 1/3 of the total media at one time. Also, depending on your filter, you can place the old media just in front of the new media before totally removing it. This gives the new media a chance to be colonized a bit before the old media is replaced.
For example, on my 56 gallon tank, I have two Penguin 200s. That includes two biowheels (which never need to be replaced), I also have some ceramic media in one of the Penguins as extra biological media. This also traps a bit of detritus but it can be easily rinsed out. And in the other filter I have the standard cartridge. This would be the only part that needs to ever be replaced, and it won't need it for quite some time. It is also where the carbon would be in the filter (if I need to remove meds - which I will need to do in a week, since I am dosing Melafix to hopefully help a fish with a potential bacterial infection). Normally I don't use carbon though, it just isn't needed.