Yes too much CO2 can be hazardous to your fish. If you have low lighting CO2 is not going to help.
Low lighting would be about 1 watt per gallon or less. This is not real accurate just a guide or starting point,
The lower the light the less the plants convert the co2 to oxygen, therfore you need plenty of light for them to use up and need more CO2. If lighting is low then they will not consume that CO2 you are adding. Further if you are using CO2 you want plenty of plants fto consume the CO2.
Take your light wattage and divide by the gallons of your tank.
Bear in mind the deeper the tank the more light needed to adequately light the plants on the bottom.
If you had a 20 to 25 watt light on your ten you would have between 2-3,5 watts per gallon.
Light 1.5-2
Med 2-3.5
high 3.5-4.5
V High 4.5+
With proper lighting, co2 and proper ph and kh levels you can supply your plants nicely. You will also want a good substrate.
The CO2 going into your filter will not be keot in the filter it will be blasted into millions of small bubbles and dispersed into the water.
If you are using a cannister filter.
I cant help if you are using a bio wheel filter as I think that would not work at all. But you can get the Vortec Mini Reastor for $50 and it will just take the CO2 directly from your DIY system and disperse the co2 well. It is small and does a very good job. I use one myself.
Almost as cheap as making one.
Has a power head built into it.
Also once they start really growing they will demand constant fertilization. They do require attention but soon could be filling your tank full of plants. \\They are fun. Good luck
Bob