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How often do you normally do water changes and how much do you change?
Do you dechlorinate the new water before adding it to the tank?
When did you clean the filter last?
How often do you normally clean the filter and how do you clean it?
What colour gravel did you add to the tank?
Sometime coloured gravel hasn't cured properly and can leach chemicals like turpentine into the water. This mostly happens with blue or red glossy gravel. The gravel looks like smooth polished glossy gravel because it is painted.
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CHANGING SUBSTRATES IN AN AQUARIUM
For future reference and for others wanting to change the gravel in their tanks, do the following.
Clean the filter a week or two before changing the gravel, then do it a week after you have changed it. However, if the filter is less than 6 weeks old, do not clean it.
Gravel clean the substrate the day before you replace it. This removes most of the gunk in it and makes it cleaner to work with and leaves less gunk floating around the tank afterwards.
Use a fish net to scoop the old gravel out and put it in a bucket. Start on one side of the tank and remove half the gravel. Then move to the other side and remove the rest of the gravel.
Have the new gravel washed and cleaned ready to add. Use an icecream bucket or plastic container to scoop up the new gravel/ sand and lower the container into the tank. When the container is near the bottom of the tank, pour the new gravel/ sand into the tank. Pour the sand in at one end and use your hand to slowly push it across towards the middle of the tank. When you have the required amount of substrate on one side of the tank, do the other side.
After you have changed the substrate, add the plants and ornaments, then leave the fish alone for 24 hours. Do not feed them for this 24 hour period.
Try not to change the water when changing the gravel. You might need to remove a few litres to lower the water level in the tank to reduce mess. That is fine and you can dispose of that water. but try to leave most of the water in the tank.
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OLD TANK SYNDROME
Old tank syndrome is where the aquarium or pond hasn't had a water change for a long time, usually more than a couple of months. The fish food and waste produce acids and these drop the pH of the water. Nitrates also go up. The fish get used to these conditions because it happens slowly over time. However, if you do a big water change on a tank with old tank syndrome, you can cause the pH to go up suddenly and this can kill the fish via alkalosis (pH shock).
If you suspect an aquarium has old tank syndrome, the best thing to do is a 10% water change and gravel clean the substrate every day for a week. Then do a 20% water change and gravel clean the substrate every day for a week. Then a 30% water change and gravel clean every day for a week. Then a 40-50% water change and gravel clean every day for a week. After that you can do bigger water changes once a week.
*NB* Make sure any new water is free of chlorine/ chloramine before it's added to the tank.
The small water changes allow the pH to come up slowly and gravel cleaning the substrate cleans the gunk out of the gravel, leaving a cleaner base for the fish.