The simplest, IMO, is that the female is much wider when viewed from above. Also, they look very fat when full of eggs . I've also noticed that males have a more 'square-shaped' head. I'm not sure of how to explain this but it's kind of boxy while the female is rounded. You are also supposed to be able to use the fins' shapes but I could never tell the difference (I mean, for a start, they never stay still!).
If your corys are mature, you will be able to tell them apart by size. The females will usually be somewhat bigger than the males. With some corys, like bronze or albino C. aeneus, this difference can usually be seen by the time they are old enough to find their way to the lfs for sale.
The females will usually be wider and longer than the males, and if you look down at them from above, or from straight on, it is easier to see the difference than by looking at them from the side.
I've never heard of any difference in their heads, but their pectoral fins are different, and can be observed by looking at their undersides through a glass or clear plastic container. The female will have larger and more rounded fins than the males, who will have smaller and more pointed ones. This serves a practical purpose since during spawning she will have to carry several eggs at a time by clasping them together.