Neon Tetra Disease is caused by a protozoan (like whitespot) that infects a variety of fish, but especially neon tetras. The Latin name of the protozoan is
Pleistophora hyphessobryconis if you want to read up on it.
The symptoms are first a loss of colour (the red fades) and the fish stops behaving properly (it doesn't school with the others). Eventually the entire fish goes off-colour, starts to swim badly, and then eventually dies.
There is no reliable cure.
It is only slightly contagious in the aquarium water, but very contagious if healthy fish eat an infected one (or its corpse). Hence, the advice is to remove sick fish at once, before there is the greatest risk of cross infection.
There is some debate about where the disease comes from. Some aquarists think virtually all neons have it because of the way they are mass produced. Neons are farmed in the fish equivalent of battery chickens or hog confinement, and as with those situations, prescription antibiotics are essential because of the hig risk of diseases and parasites moving between animals. Once the neons are taken to the retailer or the home aquarium, they stop getting the antibiotics and the latent parasites in their bodies spring into life, miltiplying rapidly, and eventually causing sickness.
(This is, incidentally, much the same curse that afflicts dwarf gouramis.)
Other aquarists consider Neon Tetra Disease to be more about poor husbandry, i.e., if the fish are cared for properly, the parasites, if present, won't do any harm.
In the wild neons are basically annual fish, as are cardinals, so it is difficult to say whether they are merely life expired if they die after a few months in our aquariums. Neons have been known to live for 4 years in aquaria. I'd suggest that if they last for 1-2 years, grow to full size, and then all start dying at once, then old age may be the factor. But if you have small neons that are dying one at a time every couple of weeks after buying them, then Neon Tetra Disease or improper care are more probably the things to think about.
As for which is best, neons are usually cheaper and they also seem to have more tolerant personalities, getting along quite well in busy community tanks provided they aren't actually bullied (or eaten). Cardinals have more colour, it is true, but they are usually more expensive, which puts people off getting the 12 or more you really need for them to be happy. They also seem a bit shy compared with neons.
Cheers,
Neale
so what are neon tetras disease and what do they do?