Lots of great information from mattlee as usual! Agree with his advice.
If you are in the hobby and get interested, filters just seem to have ever expanding numbers of details that can be studied, so we all end up just continuing to learn over the years.
Media volume (the amount of ceramics and sponge and other filtration substances a filter can hold) is a very big deal in keeping tanks. Mother nature provides nearly endless media volume even in what might at first might seem the cramped confines of a creek.
Media volume gets steadily larger in general from internals to HOBs (Hang On Backs) to External Cannisters to Sumps. There can be overlap at each juncture, for instance the largest internals might match media volume with the smallest HOBs, the largest HOBs will match some of the smaller ECs etc.
Internals have one Pro over the other 3 types in that its almost impossible to think of them ever leaking water out of your tank, whereas each of the other 3 could. But internals take up room and look unsightly in the aquascape. Another less thought of comparison is that as ECs and Sumps get larger, they not only take up no internal space, they also add some to the overall volume of water for the fish, since they might hold a gallon or so outside the tank.
Another odd comparison is that internals and external cannisters are the quietest, by type, whereas HOBs and Sumps by there nature generate more water noise. The more expensive but not huge models of external cannisters are among the quietest pieces of equipment you can own.
There are good followings among the members for all 4 major EC makers, Rena, Eheim, Tetratec/Marineland and Fluval. Rena and Tetratec may make slightly more noise than an Eheim and there have been a few reported breakages with Tetratecs but they win out on price whereas Rena may be a little tougher than the TT at slightly more cost. The big con with Eheim is that being the Mercedes of filters, the cost is high. Fluvals, like all these filters will respond well to good care. The members do seem to report more leaks and breakage problems with fluvals but all of this is difficult given that we are not really measuring anything and keeping records.
Within the individual makes there are a few model details to watch out for. I've seen Rena XP1,2 and 3 recommended but remarks that the XP4 leaks. For Eheims, most steer clear of the Ecco line, the Thermo (integrated heater) models and the wet/dry models. The classics and Pro models are great. All Tetratecs are recommended equally I believe.
~~waterdrop~~
(battery going low..)